ABSTRACT
Introducción: la mediastinitis se define como el proceso inflamatorio usualmente infeccioso del tejido conectivo mediastinal y los órganos que este rodea. Específicamente, la mediastinitis descendente corresponde a una complicación rara por infección de los espacios profundos del cuello, la orofaringe o la cavidad oral, que se extiende a través de los espacios fasciales del cuello y los diseca. De forma infrecuente, esta patología puede originarse a partir de la parotiditis, las infecciones de la piel del cuello o la epiglotitis. También, de manera menos frecuente, puede generarse en el contexto de un traumatismo del cuello o la cavidad oral. En este estudio se pretende llamar la atención, en particular, sobre los aspectos que involucran al especialista otorrinolaringólogo en el manejo de los pacientes con infecciones profundas del cuello y su rol en el diagnóstico y tratamiento eficaz de la mediastinitis descendente, como la principal causa de mortalidad en estos casos. Metodología: se llevó a cabo una búsqueda con las palabras clave "Airway" "Ludwig's angina" en PubMed, no se efectuó filtración por fecha ni tipo de estudio. Se encontró un total de 147 artículos. Se realizó lectura de los resúmenes por los autores y se seleccionaron 50. Se realizó lectura crítica del texto completo de los 50 artículos resultantes de la búsqueda y se extrajo la información relevante. Conclusión: esta patología de marcada severidad conlleva a un aumento significativo de la mortalidad. Su tratamiento, aunque permanece controversial en ciertas circunstancias, debe ser agresivo y oportuno, con un enfoque en el rol del otorrinolaringólogo en 4 pilares de tratamiento: el drenaje quirúrgico, la antibioticoterapia de amplio espectro, el soporte hemodinámico y la seguridad de la vía aérea.
Introduction: Mediastinitis is defined as the usually infectious inflammatory process of the mediastinal connective tissue and the organs it surrounds. Specifically, descending mediastinitis corresponds to a rare complication, an infection of deep spaces of the neck, oropharynx, or oral cavity, which extends through the facial spaces of the neck, dissecting. Less frequent, this pathology can originate from parotiditis, skin infections of the neck or epiglottitis. Also, less frequent it can be generated in the context of trauma to the neck or oral cavity. This study intends to draw attention to the aspects that involve the ENT specialist in the management of patients with deep neck infections and their role in the diagnosis and effective treatment of descending mediastinitis as the main cause of mortality in these patients. Methodology: A search was carried out with the keywords "Airway" "Ludwig's angina" in PubMed, no filtering was performed by date or type of study, finding a total of 147 articles, abstracts were read by the authors, selecting 50. A critical reading of the 50 articles full texts is carried out and the relevant information is extracted. Conclusion: This pathology of marked severity, carries a significant increase in mortality and its treatment, although it remains controversial in certain circumstances, it must be aggressive and timely, focusing the role of the otorhinolaryngologist on 4 pillars of treatment: surgical drainage, antibiotic therapy, hemodynamic support, and airway safety.
Subject(s)
Humans , Ludwig's Angina , Airway Remodeling , MediastinitisABSTRACT
Abstract Since 2004, in Colombia, the detection of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1-2) has been recommended for organ donors and recipients. The prevention of HTLV-1 and 2 infection in recipients is important due to its relationship with lymphoproliferative and inflammatory diseases and opportunistic infections. The objective of this study was to describe the seroprevalence of HTLV-1 and 2 among organ donors and kidney transplant recipients between 2010 and 2017 in Colombia. Methods: this was a descriptive study which included 1979 organ donors and 3,311 kidney transplant recipients from the donation and transplant network from 2010 to 2017. The seroprevalence of HTLV-1 and 2 was calculated, and serological and demographic variables were described. Results: out of 1979 donors, detection of antibodies against HTLV-1 was performed in 92% (1820), with a seroprevalence of 0.2%; 50% of the cases were from the Pacific region (an endemic zone in Colombia). Ninety percent of the donors were examined for HTLV-2, with a seroprevalence of 0.2%. Of the 3311 kidney recipients between 2010 and 2017, only 44% were evaluated for HTLV-1 and 43% for HTLV-2. The seroprevalence for both viruses was 0.3%. Two of the HTLV-1 cases were positive for HLADRB1*01. Conclusions: the seroprevalence found in organ donors and kidney transplant recipients was similar to that previously reported in Colombia. Screening of all potential donors must be adhered to prevent transmission of this virus. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.2001).
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To identify sensitivity profiles of the main anti-microbial agents used in the management of community-acquired urinary tract infection in pregnant women, and to make the molecular characterisation in order to confirm the existence of bacterial resistance in this population group. Materials and methods: Descriptive crosssectional study that included pregnant women with community-acquired urinary tract infection requiring admission to hospital. They were part of a study conducted in the general population. The microbiological results of the urine cultures were analysed. Isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. And Proteus mirabilis were identified over a period of 12 months in 9 Colombian hospitals, and their sensitivity profiles were determined using microdilution broth and gradient diffusion tests, and the presence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases was characterised using microbiological and molecular methods.The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of these patients are presented. Results: Overall, 74 isolates were collected (64 E. coli, 7 Klebsiella spp. and 3 P. mirabilis isolates) in 73 patients. Prior use of antibiotics was documented in 58% of the patients. Resistance to ampicillin/sulbactam, cefazolin and ceftriaxone was 15.6%, 17.2% and 4.7%, respectively. There was extended spectrum beta-lactamase expression in three of the isolates, 2 of E. coli and 1 of Klebsiella spp. (3.1% E. coli and 14.3% Klebsiella spp.) One E. coli isolate expressed enzymes of the AmpC type. Conclusion: The presence of resistant strains to antibiotics used as first-line empirical treatment and to third-generation cephalosporins was confirmed in enterobacteria responsible for community-acquired urinary tract infection in pregnant women, produced by type CTX M-15 and AmpC extended spectrum betalactamase enzymes.
RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar los perfiles de susceptibilidad a los principales agentes antimicrobianos utilizados en el manejo de infección de vías urinarias adquirida por gestantes en la comunidad, y caracterizarlos molecularmente para confirmar la existencia de resistencia bacteriana en este grupo poblacional. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal, descriptivo, en el que se incluyeron gestantes con infección urinaria adquirida en la comunidad que requirieron hospitalización. Estas hacían parte de un estudio realizado en población general. Se analizaron los resultados microbiológicos de los urocultivos. Se identificaron los aislamientos de Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. y Proteus mirabilis durante 12 meses en 9 hospitales de Colombia, y se determinó su perfil de susceptibilidad por microdilución en caldo y pruebas de difusión por gradiente; se caracterizó la presencia de betalactamasas de espectro extendido, con métodos microbiológicos y moleculares. Se presentan las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de estas pacientes. Resultados: se recogieron 74 aislamientos (64 de E. coli, 7 de Klebsiella spp. y 3 de P. mirabilis) en 73 pacientes. En 58 % de las pacientes se reportó uso previo de antibióticos. La resistencia a ampicilina/sulbactam, cefazolina y ceftriaxona fue de 15,6, 17,2 y 4,7 %, respectivamente. Tres aislamientos, dos de E. coli y uno de Klebsiella spp., expresaron betalactamasas de espectro extendido (3,1 % en E. coli y 14,3 % Klebsiella spp.). Un aislamiento de E. coli expresó enzimas tipo AmpC. Conclusión: se confirmó la presencia de cepas resistentes a antibióticos utilizados de primera línea de manera empírica, y a cefalosporinas de tercera generación en enterobacterias responsables de infección del tracto urinario adquirida en la comunidad en embarazadas, producida por enzimas de tipo betalactamasas de espectro extendido tipo CTX M-15 y AmpC.